by后面加名词性词语或短语，构成介宾结构。
by：
prep.靠近在…旁边常置于表示被动的动词后，表示使为者表示方式
adv.经过表示保留或保存时用短暂拜访 扩展资料
Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.
现在我可以步行去上班，而不必开车了。
I'm always broke by the end of the month.
我总是一到月底就没钱花了。
This situation can be influenced by a multiplicity of different factors.
当前的`形势可能受到各种不同因素的影响。
They won by a single goal after extra time.
他们在加时赛中仅踢进一球即获胜。
by是介词，所以后面可以加名词，动名词，代词做介词宾语。表示“由，通过”的意思。例子：The book was written by Mr. Green. 这本书是格林先生写的。 --------------The coat was bought for me by him. 这个大衣是他买给我的。 ------I love practicing speaking English by communicating with foreign people. -------------------------------------------我喜欢通过跟外国人的交流来锻炼英语口语。
